Catheter systems having flow restrictors

ABSTRACT

Catheter systems including one or more flow restrictors are disclosed. The catheter systems may include two or more delivery branches. The delivery branches may be connected to a supply catheter section using a branching catheter connector that may include one or more flow restrictors. The flow restrictors may include a restrictor body located within a lumen with a channel located between the restrictor body and interior surface of the lumen, the channel restricting flow through the lumen past the flow restrictor. The channel may be defined by a groove formed in the restrictor body and/or the interior surface of the lumen. Methods of providing pressure relief by flowing fluid past a flow restrictor are also disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/564,473, titled CATHETER SYSTEM HAVING FLOW RESTRICTION, ANDDIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR USE WITH SAME, filed Apr. 22, 2004, which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to implantable medical devicesand, more particularly, to flow restrictors in medical catheters andbranching catheter connectors incorporating one or more flowrestrictors.

BACKGROUND

Implantable infusion systems are used to provide programmable long-termdelivery of a therapeutic agent, e.g., infusate drug, to a target sitesuch as the brain or the spinal canal or epidural space. These systemstypically include a pump implanted at a remote location, e.g., withinthe abdominal or chest cavity, and a catheter tunneled from the pump tothe target site. A drug may be delivered from a reservoir in the pump tothe target site via the catheter.

Some therapies, e.g., treatment of many neurological diseases, maybenefit from infusion of a therapeutic agent to multiple locationswithin the body. For instance, for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease,it may be beneficial to deliver a substance, e.g., Glial DerivedNeurotrophic Factor (GDNF), to both hemispheres of the brain(bilaterally). Infusing a drug to such multiple target sites istypically accomplished by separate infusion systems, e.g., a separatepump and catheter system for each target site. However, duplicatesystems result in not only increased costs and patient invasiveness (ascompared to single target site systems), but also increased complexitythat is inherent in such dual systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to catheter systems including one ormore flow restrictors for use with the same. The catheter systems mayinclude two or more delivery branches. The delivery branches may beconnected a supply catheter using a branching connector. Methods ofdelivering a drug via catheter systems of the invention, e.g., abranching catheter system, to multiple target locations within a bodyare also provided.

In one embodiment, a flow restrictor for use with an implantablecatheter system is provided. The flow restrictor may include arestrictor body having one or more helical grooves formed in an outersurface thereof. The flow restrictor body is located within a lumen ofthe catheter such that the one or more grooves form channels with theinterior surface of the lumen. Fluid flow through the channel orchannels is preferably restricted because of the limited cross-sectionalsize of the channel or channels.

Although it may be preferred that the groove or grooves in the flowrestrictor body form the flow-restricted channel or channels incombination with the interior surface of the lumen, in some embodiments,the flow restrictor may be provided using a body located within aseparate sheath. The interior surface of the sheath is then used incombination with the groove or grooves in the restrictor body to formthe flow restricted channel or channels. The combined flow restrictorbody and sheath may then be inserted within the catheter lumen.

In another alternative, one or more grooves may be formed in theinterior surface of the lumen in which a flow restrictor body is locatedwhile the outer surface of the restrictor body is substantially smooth.In such an embodiment, the groove or grooves in the interior surface ofthe lumen, together with the smooth outer surface of the restrictorbody, define one or more channels extending from an upstream end of theflow restrictor body to the downstream end of the flow restrictor body.

In still another alternative, both the interior surface of the lumen andthe outer surface of the flow restrictor body may each include one ormore grooves formed therein. In such an embodiment, the grooves in thesurfaces facing each other may preferably cooperate to form one or morechannels that allow for fluid flow from the upstream end of therestrictor body to the downstream end of the restrictor body.

In another embodiment, a branching catheter connector for use inbifurcating flow in an infusion system is provided. The connector mayinclude in inlet port and at least two outlet ports. Each outlet portmay include a flow restrictor associated therewith. In some embodiments,the connector may further include a filter element. The flow restrictorsmay generate backpressure and maintain substantially equivalent flowthrough a distal catheter coupled to each outlet port.

In yet another embodiment, a method for delivering a substance to twolocations in a body is provided. The method includes delivering thesubstance to a branching catheter connector through a primary orproximal catheter. The branching catheter connector may, e.g., bifurcateflow of the substance to a first and a second leg. Each of the first andsecond legs may include a flow restrictor to assist in maintainingsubstantially equal flow through both the first and second legs. Firstand second distal catheters may couple, respectively, to the first andsecond legs. In some embodiments, the substance may be filtered prior,or subsequent, to flow bifurcation.

Although bifurcated catheter connectors are described herein, catheterconnectors of the present invention may be used to separate flow intothree or more legs of a branching catheter.

Furthermore, although the flow restrictors are described as providingequal flow rates through the different legs of a branched catheter, theflow restrictors of the present invention may provide different flowrates through the different legs by varying the flow restrictionprovided by the different flow restrictors.

The term “flow restrictor” as used herein, is intended to represent aresistance that is added to a system to bring the total resistance abovea specified value; it does not necessarily refer to a singularcomponent. For example, two “flow restrictors” (i.e. two components) ofequal resistance placed in series at the tip of a given catheter couldbe functionally equivalent to a single flow restrictor whose resistanceis twice that of either of the series restrictors taken by itself.

The fluids delivered using the present invention preferably contain oneor more drugs. A drug of the present invention may include a therapeuticsubstance. Other substances may or may not be intended to have atherapeutic effect and are not easily classified, such as, e.g., salinesolution, fluoroscopy agents, disease diagnostic agents, etc. Unlessotherwise noted in the following paragraphs, the term “drug” as usedherein may include any therapeutic, diagnostic, or other substance thatis delivered using the implantable medical devices of the presentinvention.

Therapeutic substances delivered using the present invention maypreferably be intended to have a therapeutic effect such aspharmaceutical compositions, genetic materials, biologics, and othersubstances. Pharmaceutical compositions are typically chemicalformulations intended to have a therapeutic effect such as intrathecalantispasmodics, pain medications, chemotherapeutic agents, and the like.Pharmaceutical compositions may be configured to function in animplanted environment with characteristics such as stability at bodytemperature to retain therapeutic qualities, concentration to reduce thefrequency of replenishment, and the like. Genetic materials includesubstances intended to have a direct or indirect genetic therapeuticeffect such as genetic vectors, genetic regulator elements, geneticstructural elements, DNA, and the like. Biologics include substancesthat are living matter or derived from living matter intended to have atherapeutic effect such as stem cells, platelets, hormones, biologicallyproduced chemicals, and the like.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a medical catheter thatincludes a lumen with an interior lumen surface; a flow restrictorlocated within the lumen, the flow restrictor comprising a restrictorbody located within the lumen; and a channel located between an outersurface of the restrictor body and the interior lumen surface of thelumen, wherein the channel extends from an upstream end of therestrictor body to a downstream end of the restrictor body, such thatfluid passing through the lumen flows through the channel when the fluidis delivered to the flow restrictor below a selected pressure. In someembodiments, the channel may be defined by a groove formed in the outersurface of the restrictor body, wherein the groove extends from theupstream end to the downstream end of the restrictor body. In otherembodiments, the channel may be defined by a groove formed in theinterior lumen surface of the lumen, wherein the groove extends from theupstream end to the downstream end of the restrictor body.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a branching catheterconnector for use in a branched medical catheter. The connector includesan inlet port and two or more outlet ports in fluid communication withthe inlet port. Each of the outlet ports includes an outlet port lumenwith an interior surface; a flow restrictor located within the outletport lumen, the flow restrictor having a restrictor body located withinthe outlet port lumen; and a channel located between an outer surface ofthe restrictor body and the interior surface of the outlet port lumen,wherein the channel extends from an upstream end of the restrictor bodyto a downstream end of the restrictor body, such that fluid passingthrough the outlet port lumen flows through the channel when the fluidis delivered to the flow restrictor below a selected pressure. In someembodiments, the channel may be defined by a groove formed in the outersurface of the restrictor body, wherein the groove extends from theupstream end to the downstream end of the restrictor body. In otherembodiments, the channel may be defined by a groove formed in theinterior surface of the outlet port lumen, wherein the groove extendsfrom the upstream end to the downstream end of the restrictor body.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a medical cathetersystem that includes a lumen and a flow restrictor located within thelumen. The flow restrictor includes one or more capillaries within thelumen, wherein each capillary of the one or more capillaries has a firstopening at an upstream end of the flow restrictor and a second openingat a downstream end of the flow restrictor. Each capillary of the one ormore capillaries includes one or more coils within the lumen. Fluidpassing through the lumen from the upstream end to the downstream end ofthe flow restrictor flows through the one or more capillaries when thefluid is delivered to the upstream end of the flow restrictor below aselected pressure.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of providingpressure relief within a medical catheter system. The method includesproviding a medical catheter system that includes a lumen with aninterior lumen surface; a flow restrictor located within the lumen, theflow restrictor having a restrictor body located within the lumen; and achannel located between an outer surface of the restrictor body and theinterior lumen surface of the lumen, wherein the channel extends from anupstream end of the restrictor body to a downstream end of therestrictor body. The method further includes passing fluid through onlythe channel from the upstream end of the restrictor body to thedownstream end of the restrictor body when fluid pressure within thelumen is below a selected pressure. Pressure relief is provided bypassing fluid between the outer surface of the restrictor body and theinterior lumen surface of the lumen outside of the channel when fluidpressure is above the selected pressure.

The above summary is not intended to describe each embodiment or everyimplementation of the present invention. Rather, a more completeunderstanding of the invention will become apparent and appreciated byreference to the following Detailed Description of Exemplary Embodimentsin view of the accompanying figures of the drawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FIGURES

The present invention will be further described with reference to thefigures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a flow restrictor in accordance withone embodiment of the invention, the flow restrictor operable for use inrestricting flow of a substance through a tube, e.g., catheter;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of an implanted branchingcatheter system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3A is a plan view of a branching catheter connector in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3B is a section view of the branching catheter connector of FIG.3A;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an inlet fitting in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention, the inlet fitting operable for usewith the branching catheter connector of FIGS. 3A and 3B;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an outlet fitting in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention, the outlet fitting operable for usewith the branching catheter connector of FIGS. 3A and 3B;

FIGS. 6-7 are enlarged partial perspective views of the outlet fittingof FIG. 5, wherein: FIG. 6 illustrates an upstream end; and FIG. 7illustrates a downstream portion;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view and alternative embodiment of a flowrestrictor according to the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram depicting multiple flow restrictors in alumen; and

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of another alternative flow restrictoraccording to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

In the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments of theinvention, reference is made to the accompanying figures of the drawingwhich form a part hereof, and in which are shown, by way ofillustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may bepracticed. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilizedand structural changes may be made without departing from the scope ofthe present invention.

Embodiments of the present invention may include flow restrictors foruse in fluid delivery tubes, e.g., in implantable medical catheters.These flow restrictors may provide flow resistance to a fluid within thecatheter, creating a backpressure therein. By generating suchbackpressure, various potential benefits may be realized including, forexample, the ability to generate diagnostic information as furtherdescribed below.

Another potential benefit of flow restrictors in accordance withembodiments of the present invention is realized with branching cathetersystems that may deliver a substance to two or more separate targetareas within a body. Branching catheter systems may divide flow from afirst or proximal catheter to two or more legs to which are coupledsecondary or distal catheters, e.g., utilizing a “Y” coupling for abifurcating catheter system. As a result, a single infusion pump may beused to deliver one or more drugs to multiple locations within a body.To provide substantially equal flow to each distal catheter, embodimentsof the branching catheter systems may provide a flow resistor limitingflow through each leg. The flow restrictor may preferably contribute tobalancing flow through each leg. In addition, the backpressure createdby the flow resistor may preferably allow a sensor, e.g., pressuresensor, associated with the infusion pump to detect when catheter flowis abnormal, e.g., when one or more of the proximal or distal cathetersis cut or occluded.

FIG. 1 illustrates a tube, e.g., catheter 10, having a lumen 104. A flowrestrictor 100 including a flow restrictor body 102, in accordance withone embodiment of the invention, may be positioned in the lumen 104 asshown. While described herein in the context of catheters, those ofskill in the art will realize that the flow restrictors described hereinmay find application in most any tubing application that could benefitfrom flow resistance.

For simplicity, the catheters (e.g., catheter 10) and flow restrictors(e.g., flow restrictor body 102) are described herein as being generallycylindrical in shape. However, this configuration is not limiting, andembodiments having different shapes are certainly possible withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention. For example, the cathetersand flow restrictors may include cross-sectional profiles that aretriangular, oval, elliptical, hexagonal, semicircular, etc.

The flow restrictor body 102 may substantially block the lumen 104 ofthe catheter 10 as illustrated. However, a fluid 106 may pass therestrictor 100 by entering a groove 108 formed, in the depictedembodiment, in an outer surface 110 of the flow restrictor body 102.While the depicted groove 108 is helical in form, it should beunderstood that the groove or grooves used in connection with thepresent invention may or may not be helical. Grooves with helical orother paths may be useful for increasing the length of the flow path fora given length along a longitudinal axis extending along the directionof fluid flow through the lumen 104.

While only a single groove 108 is illustrated, other embodiments may usemultiple grooves where appropriate, e.g., to reduce total flowresistance. If multiple grooves are used, they may intersect with eachother at one or more locations or they may not intersect. Moreover,other factors, e.g., groove dimensions and other threadform geometry,surface finish, etc., may be altered to provide the desired flowrestriction.

The flow restrictor body 102 may preferably fit tightly, e.g., with aninterference fit, within the lumen 104 such that the helical groove 108effectively forms a channel bounded by the inner diameter of the lumen104. Accordingly, it may be preferred that the only flow past the flowrestrictor body 102 may be through the channel formed by the groove 108in combination with the interior surface 105 of the lumen 104.

The flow restrictor 100 may provide flow resistance, and thusbackpressure, so that a pressure sensor located upstream, e.g., in aninfusion pump, can be utilized to detect when the catheter is cut oroccluded. That is, by creating a measurable pressure in the lumen 104upstream of the flow restrictor 100, variations in that backpressure maypotentially be utilized to predict occlusions (increased pressure) orleaks (decreased pressure).

Another potential function that may be exhibited by flow restrictors ofthe present invention is pressure relief. In some embodiments, the flowrestrictors of the present invention may preferably allow increased flowin response to pressure increases past a selected relief pressure. Forexample, the walls 101 of the lumen 104 may be made of materials thatexhibit elastic properties that allow for expansion of the lumen 104(e.g., expansion of the diameter of the lumen for circular lumens) inresponse to increased pressure upstream of the flow restrictor.Expansion of the lumen 104 may allow fluid to flow between the outersurface 110 of the flow restrictor body 102 and the interior surface 105of the lumen 104 outside of the groove 108 (or grooves if multiplegrooves are present).

In an alternative embodiment that may provide pressure relief functionin situations where, e.g., the interior of the lumen is inextensible,the flow restrictor body 102 may be compressible in response toincreases in pressure of the fluid flowing past the flow restrictor 102.In such an embodiment, the outer diameter of the outer surface 110 ofthe flow restrictor body 102 may decrease in response to fluid pressure,thus allowing fluid to flow between the outer surface 110 of the flowrestrictor body 102 and the interior surface of the lumen 104 outside ofthe groove 108 (or grooves if multiple grooves are present).

In still another alternative, pressure relief functions may be providedby embodiments that include both an expandable lumen 104 and acompressible flow restrictor body 102.

The flow restrictors of the present invention may also be incorporatedinto branching catheter connector, e.g., a flow restrictor 100 may belocated so as to limit fluid flow in each outlet leg of a branchingcatheter system. In this application (discussed in more detail below),the flow restrictors 100 may help to control (e.g., equalize or balance)the flow to each catheter branch in the event of, e.g., partialobstruction at one or both fluid outlets.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary implanted branching catheter system 50in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The system 50 mayinclude a device, e.g., a pump 20, implanted in an abdominal region of apatient, and a proximal infusion catheter 22, coupled to the pump 20 viaa connector 24. The proximal catheter 22 may extend into the head of thepatient, where it may then couple to an inlet port 202 of a branchingcatheter connector 200. The connector 200 may bifurcate flow to twooutlet ports 204 and 206, which are, in turn, coupled to two distalcatheters 208 and 210, respectively, implanted in separate areas of thebrain.

Although the embodiment of FIG. 2 includes a bifurcating cathetersystem, the present invention may include catheter systems with three ormore branches. In other variations, although the depicted system isimplanted for delivery into the brain of a patient, it should beunderstood that branching catheter systems of the present invention maybe used to deliver fluids to other areas of the body.

The pump 20 may include a reservoir to hold a volume of fluid(preferably liquid) containing one or more drugs. The reservoir may beperiodically refilled via an injection port (not shown), and a pumpmechanism (e.g., pressurized bladder, peristaltic pump, piston pump,etc.) provided may propel the fluid through the proximal and distalcatheters 22 and 208, 210. While not wishing to be bound to anyparticular configuration, the pump 20 may be a SYNCHROMED IImanufactured by Medtronic, Inc., of Fridley, Minn., USA.

The pump 20 may further include a flow sensing device, e.g., a pressuresensor 26. The pressure sensor may be similar to that described in U.S.Patent Application Publication No. US 2005/0075624 A1, entitled“Pressure Sensor for Medical Device” (see also: U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/691,814, filed 23 Oct. 2003, and entitled “Method forMonitoring Bolus Delivery;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,290, entitled “Catheterfor Target Specific Drug Delivery;” and U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/625,751, filed 26 Jul. 2000, and entitled “Catheter for TargetSpecific Drug Delivery”).

The catheter system may preferably include a branching catheterconnector 200 that is used to divide flow to the different branches.FIG. 3A is a top plan view of one embodiment of a branching catheterconnector 200 and FIG. 3B is the same in cross-section. Componentswithin the connector may be at least partially visualized in FIG. 3A ifthe materials of the catheter connector 200 are transparent ortranslucent.

Referring back to FIG. 2, although the branching catheter connector 200is depicted as being separated from the pump 20 by the supply catheter22 which delivers fluid to the inlet port 202, flow restriction couldalternatively be provided at the pump 20 such that the pump 20 feedsdirectly into the inlet port 202 of the connector 200. In such anembodiment, the separate catheters for each branch may extend to thetarget sites without the need for subsequent branching.

As illustrated in these views, a bifurcating connector 200 such as thatdepicted may preferably form a generally Y-shaped device having a lumenthat starts at the proximal inlet port 202 and then branches to both thefirst (or left) outlet port 204 and the second (or right) outlet port206. The outlet ports 204 and 206 may couple, respectively, to the first(or left) distal catheter 208 and the second (or right) distal catheter210 (see FIGS. 2 and 3B).

The included angle between the outlet ports 204 and 206 is illustratedand described herein as about 90 degrees. However, embodiments whereinthe included angle is different, e.g., 0 degrees (outlets are parallel)or 180 degrees (a “T” shaped connector), etc., are certainly possiblewithout departing from the scope of the invention.

The connector body may, in one embodiment, be made from molded silicone(e.g., Nu-Sil MED 4870 LSR, 65-75 Shore A durometer). This material mayprovide certain potentially desirable benefits, e.g., desirable materialproperties such as elastic and creep characteristics, at a relativelylow cost. However, other biocompatible materials such as ETR silicone,urethane, polyurethane, etc., are also possible without departing fromthe scope of the invention.

An inlet fitting 212 may be inserted into the inlet port 202 asillustrated herein, while an outlet fitting 214 may be inserted intoeach outlet port 204 and 206. The inlet fitting 212 is shown in FIG. 4,while the outlet fitting 214 is shown in FIG. 5.

The inlet fitting 212 may preferably include an enlarged portion(s) 216having an external dimension or diameter that fits within the inlet port202 with an interference fit. The inlet fitting 212 may also include apin portion 218 operable to insert into the lumen of a supply orproximal catheter (e.g., catheter 22 as depicted in FIG. 2) with aninterference fit.

As used herein, the phrase “interference fit” refers to the coupling ofa male member having a dimension larger than an undeflected orundeformed dimension of a mating female receptacle such that one or bothof the male and female members deforms during assembly. As a result, asubstantially tight and leak-free fit may be obtained once the parts areassembled.

A filter 220 may preferably be attached to, or integrally formed with,the inlet fitting 212. In one embodiment, the inlet fitting 212 maypreferably be made from titanium with the filter 220 being a sinteredtitanium member welded to the fitting 212. However, other embodimentswherein the filter 220 is a separate component, e.g., fits within thefitting, or embodiments wherein one or both of the filter and thefitting 212 are made from other biocompatible materials, e.g.,polysulfone, polycarbonate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), etc.,may also be used without departing from the scope of the invention.Regardless of the exact location of the filter 220, it may preferably belocated within the flow path between a pump and outlet ports 204 and 206such that fluids passing into the branches through outlet ports 204 and206 must pass through the filter before entering the branches.

As shown in FIG. 3B, the filter 220 may preferably be a cup-shapedmember having its inner surface in fluid communication with a lumen 221of the inlet fitting 212 which, in turn, is in fluid communication witha supply or proximal catheter (e.g., catheter 22 as depicted in FIG. 2).The cup-shape of the filter 220 may provide increased surface area (and,thus, potentially increased filtering capacity) over which to filter thepassing fluid. To further improve fluid passage through the filter 220,it may be preferable that a gap exist between the outer surface of thefilter and the inner surface of the inlet port 202 of the connector 200.However, such a configuration is not required. In fact, filters of mostany configuration are possible without departing from the scope of theinvention. For instance, a flat porous disc or plug could be used inplace of the cup-shaped filter depicted in FIG. 3B.

The micron rating of the filter 220 may preferably be selected to reducethe likelihood that downstream flow restrictors used to control fluidflow through the branches will not occlude with debris. In one exemplaryembodiment, the filter 220 may have a micron rating of about 5 microns.

It may be preferred that the filter or filters be positioned upstream ofany point at which fluid flow is divided for delivery into the differentbranches of the branched catheter system. In the depicted embodiment,the location of the inlet filter 220 may be beneficial to ensure thatocclusion of the filter pores has an essentially equivalent effect onflow to both branches (i.e., both outlet ports 204 and 206) of theconnector 200. However, other configurations that replace the filter 220with branch filters or, alternatively, utilize staged filters arecontemplated.

To assist with retaining the inlet fitting 212 within the connector 200,the inlet fitting may preferably be provided with a depressed portion219 that may preferably align with a suture groove 222 formed in theconnector 200 when assembled. Thus, when a suture is used to secure theconnector 200 to tissue, additional resistance to separation of thefitting 212 from the connector 200 may be obtained.

FIG. 5 illustrates the exemplary outlet fitting 214 that may be locatedin each of the outlet ports 204 and 206. Like the inlet fitting 212,each outlet fitting 214 may include enlarged portions 224 that engagetheir respective outlet port 204 or 206 with an interference fit. A pinportion 226 may also be provided to insert into the respective distalcatheter (208 or 210) with an interference fit. A depressed portion 228,located to correspond to a suture groove 230 when assembled, may beprovided in the outlet fitting 214 to allow suture attachment at thegroove 230 to contribute to pull-out resistance of the outlet fitting214 from the connector 200.

A flow restrictor may also be provided within each outlet port 204 and206 of the connector 200. Like the flow restrictor body 102 describedabove, each flow restrictor may preferably include a flow restrictorbody 232 having a groove 234 (preferably helical) formed in an outersurface 236. The helical groove 234 may provide a fluid pathway having apredetermined flow resistance by virtue of its small effective diameter,e.g., its groove geometry.

The outer surface 236 of the flow restrictor body 232 may preferably fitinside the outlet port 204 and 206 with an interference fit sufficientto ensure reliable sealing under all anticipated flow rates andpressures. Alternatively, other embodiments could configure theinterface between the output port 204 (or 206) and the outer surface 236to mimic a pressure-relief valve, e.g., the portion of the body 201defining the lumen of each outlet port 204 and 206 could swellsufficiently that, at a particular threshold pressure, a bypass of therestriction is created. Stated another way, at a certain thresholdbackpressure, the lumen of each outlet port in the body 201 could expandsufficiently to permit fluid to pass between the outer surfaces 236 ofthe flow restrictor bodies 232 and the interior surfaces of the lumensof outlet ports 204 and 206 outside of the channels created by grooves234 of restrictors 232 (sometimes referred to as blow-by), therebyreducing backpressure to within acceptable ranges.

FIGS. 6 and 7 are enlarged views of an upstream end and a downstreamend, respectively, of the flow restrictor body 232 of one of the outletfittings 214. In the embodiments illustrated herein, see e.g., FIG. 6,the upstream end may include features, e.g., a notch 238 and a chamfer237 that may assist fluid in entering the groove 234. The notch 238and/or chamfer 237 may be produced by, for example electrical dischargemachining (EDM), conventional machining, or chemical etching. In someembodiments, the notch 238 and/or chamfer 237 may be optional, e.g., thethread may be sufficiently deep that these features provide noadditional benefit. In other embodiments, more than one notch 238 may beprovided at the upstream end of the flow restrictor body 232.

Similarly, as shown in FIG. 7, the downstream end of the flow restrictorbody 232 may include features, e.g., one or more notches 239, operableto more easily allow fluid to exit the helical groove 234. The notch 239(or notches) are optional and may not be provided in some embodiments.Notch 239 may be formed using techniques similar to those used to formnotch 238 at the upstream end of the flow restrictor body 232.

After exiting the flow restrictor, fluid may preferably enter a reducedsection 240 of the outlet fitting 214. The reduced section 240 mayprovide increased clearance between the fitting 214 and the interiorsurface of the lumen in each outlet port 204 or 206. Once fluid hasentered the reduced section 240, it may preferably flow through atransverse passageway 242, which is preferably in fluid communicationwith a fitting lumen 244 (see, e.g., FIG. 5) of the outlet fitting 214.The passageway 242 may preferably be oriented perpendicular to acenterline of the outlet fitting 214 (where the centerline is defined bythe direction of fluid flow through the fitting lumen 244). It may bepreferred that the fitting lumen 244 include a proximal end into whichthe passageway 242 feeds and a distal end from which fluid flows out ofthe outlet fitting 214 (in the direction of the arrow seen in FIG. 5).

As illustrated in FIG. 3B, the passageway 242 may pass completelythrough the fitting 214, e.g., there may be multiple entries intopassageway 242 (e.g., on opposing sides) of the fitting 214. In analternative embodiment, the passageway 242 may be blind, e.g., it mayintersect the lumen 244 but not penetrate the opposite side of thefitting 214. In other alternatives, more than two openings may beprovided to allow fluid to pass into the fitting lumen 244 from the flowrestrictor.

The flow restrictor body 232 and body of the outlet fitting 214 may, inone embodiment, be a unitary part such that the bodies are provided as aone-piece, completely integral unit (e.g., machined as a singlecomponent from a single block of material). Such a construction mayprovide ease of assembly (e.g., low risk of damaging or clogging threadsvia handling) and improved resistance to pullout upon attachment and/orremoval of distal catheters 208 and 210. However, designs in which therestrictor and fitting are separate components are within the scope ofthe present invention.

The flow restrictors used in the outlet ports 204 and 206 may preferablybe configured to provide sufficient backpressure so that any naturallyoccurring resistance differentials at the target delivery site, e.g.,differential resistance caused by partial occlusion in one branch fed byone of the outlet ports, is negligible in comparison. The backpressurecreated by the flow restrictors may also be relatively large, incomparison to other potential catheter pressure changes, such as thosecaused by variations in atmospheric or physiologic pressure. As aresult, a pressure sensor attached to the catheter system may have anadequate signal-to-noise ratio to accurately distinguish differentialsdue to cuts/occlusions in the catheters from those changes attributableto these “background” factors.

Referring again to FIGS. 3B and 4-5, one example of flow of infusatethrough the system will now be described. The infusate may flow from thecatheter 22 into the lumen of the inlet fitting 212 where it may thenenter the inside of the filter 220. After filtering, the infusate maytravel through each branch of the connector 200 until it reaches theflow restrictors 232. The infusate may enter the helical groove 234 viathe notch 238 (see FIG. 6) and travel along the channel formed by thegroove 234, which is substantially bounded on one side by the interiorsurface of the outlet ports 204, 206 (the inner lumen of the body 201).The infusate may exit the groove 234 via the notch 239 (see FIG. 7),where it then enters the reduced section 240. The reduced section 240may preferably be, as described above, stepped-down such that there isclearance with respect to the inner surface of the outlet port 204 (or206). The infusate fluid may then pass through the passageway 242 andinto the lumen 244 of the outlet fitting 214, which is coupled to thedistal catheter 208 (or 210).

The body 201 of the connector 200 may preferably include features toensure that a physician does not place a suture around the flowrestrictor body 232 and thereby choke-off flow through the helicalgroove 234. For example, the body 201 may include gussets or webs 203(see FIG. 3B) that extend between the outlet ports 204 and 206 thatprevent suturing in the location of the flow restrictors 232. Moreover,while the body 201 may provide suture grooves 222 and 230 to assist withpreventing inadvertent removal of the inlet fitting 212 and the outletfittings 214, other retaining features may be substituted or combinedwithout departing from the scope of the invention. For example, raisedfeature(s) on the inner surface of the inlet and outlet ports couldengage corresponding depression(s) on the outer surface of the inlet andoutlet fittings. Still further, adhesives could be used to secure thefittings within the ports of the body 201.

In one embodiment, the branching catheter connector 200 may be assembledby first swelling the connector body 201 in a suitable solvent, e.g.,hexane or heptane. Once the connector body 201 is adequately swollen,the inlet fitting 212 and outlet fittings 214 may be inserted into therespective inlet ports 202 and outlet ports 204, 206. The inner lumensof the body 201 that define the ports 202, 204, and 206 may be designedwith necked-down portions near the center of the body. The necked-downportions may preferably create a palpable stop against which thefittings 212 and 214 may press, thereby reducing the opportunity forover/under insertion of the fittings. Alternatively, other techniquesfor ensuring proper assembly are contemplated, including, for example,crimp-sleeves and flanges. Once the fittings 212 and 214 are correctlyinstalled, the solvent may be allowed to evaporate. Other methods ofassembly such as, for example, press-fitting or heat-shrinking are alsocontemplated.

Although the flow restrictors described in connection with FIGS. 1 and3A-7 provide a small channel formed by a groove in the outer surface ofa restrictor body, alternative constructions that achieve the sameresult may be used. One such alternative is depicted in thecross-sectional view of FIG. 8. As seen there, flow restrictor body 302is located within a lumen 304. The lumen 304 may be in tubing, e.g., acatheter, or it may be formed as a port in a branching catheterconnector.

The outer surface 310 of the flow restrictor body 302 in the embodimentof FIG. 8 may preferably be relatively smooth while the interior surface305 of the lumen 304 may include one or more grooves 308 formed therein.The groove or grooves 308 may preferably, but not necessarily, behelical in shape. As a result, the groove 308 and smooth outer surface310 of the flow restrictor body 302 may preferably form a small channelthat extends from an upstream end of the body 302 to the downstream endof the body 302. That channel allows fluid to pass through the lumen 304while providing the desired flow restriction.

The variations described herein, such as, e.g., multiple grooves to formmultiple channels, other cross-sectional shapes, extensible lumensand/or compressible flow restrictor bodies to provide pressure relief,etc. may also be providing in connection with flow restrictors in whichthe grooves are formed in the interior lumen surface.

Yet another variation in the flow restrictors of the present inventionis that the flow restrictor 100 of FIG. 1 and flow restrictor 300 ofFIG. 8 my be provided as unitary articles that may be located within aseparate lumen or passageway to provide the desired flow restriction. Inother words, the walls 101 forming the lumen 104 and walls 301 formingthe lumen 304 may be located within a separate lumen or passageway toprovide flow restriction as desired. In such embodiments, the flowrestrictors may be provided as, e.g., flow restriction plugs that may beused alone or in groups of two or more to provide a selected level offlow restriction. One such embodiment may be schematically depicted inFIG. 9 in which multiple flow restrictors 400 are provided within alumen 450.

The flow restrictors 400 may preferably be secured within the lumen 450(e.g., by an interference fit, welding, etc.) such that fluid movingfrom the upstream end 451 to the downstream end 452 must move throughthe flow restrictors 400. The lumen 450 and/or flow restrictors 400 mayalso possess some extensibility and/or compressibility to providepressure relief functions as described elsewhere herein.

In yet another embodiment of flow restrictors according to the presentinvention, flow resistance may be achieved through a coiled capillarythat provides a small channel similar to that formed by the grooves ofthe other flow restrictor embodiments described herein. Capillaries madeof, e.g., glass, are available with diameters on the order of, e.g.,0.001 inches (about 0.025 mm). These capillary structures may be coiledwith a bend radius and length sufficient to generate the desired flowresistance while maintaining an envelope suitable for implantation. Itmay be preferred that such capillaries be formed with a substantiallyuniform bore diameter along their length.

One embodiment of a flow restrictor 500 is depicted in FIG. 10 in whicha coiled capillary 510 is located within a lumen 504. The coiledcapillary 510 may preferably be held within a plug 520 of material thatoccludes the remainder of the lumen 504. As a result, fluid movingthrough the lumen 504 from the upstream end 501 to the downstream end502 must pass through the coiled capillary 510. The coiled capillary 510preferably includes an opening 512 proximate the upstream end 501through which fluid flows into the capillary 510 and a opening 514proximate the downstream end 502 through which fluid exits from thecapillary 510. The capillary 510 may preferably include two or morecoils located within the lumen 504 (where each coil passes around 360degrees within the lumen 504).

Although flow restrictor 500 includes only one capillary 510, flowrestrictors 500 may include two or more independent capillaries, eachwith openings proximate the upstream and downstream ends of the flowrestrictor 500 such that fluid can flow therethrough.

From the foregoing, numerous alternative concepts may exist for a flowrestrictor(s) that can be placed in the lumen of a drug-infusingcatheter. Two or more restrictors may be placed in each leg of abranching catheter system to ensure balanced flow in the event of acatheter malfunction, e.g., partial occlusion or cut at one or bothcatheter outlets, or an occlusion at most any location along a distalcatheter leg.

Example

The following example is provided to illustrate exemplary embodiments ofthe invention.

A Medtronic SYNCHROMED II pump was used to infuse a saline solution at arate of about 300 microliters/day (μL/day)—about 150 μL/day per side(left and right)—via a catheter branching connector substantiallysimilar to that illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

The connector incorporated a filter (see, e.g., filter 220) having a 5micron rating. An outlet fitting (see, e.g., fitting 214 in FIG. 5)incorporating a flow restrictor (see e.g., flow restrictor 232) was alsoprovided. The restrictor included a helical groove (see, e.g., groove234) formed on a uniform cylindrical portion of the outlet fitting. Theflow restrictor had a nominal diameter of about 0.072 inches (about 1.8mm) and a length of about 0.14 inches (about 3.6 mm). The groove had anominal depth of about 0.0012 inches (about 0.03 mm), and a pitch ofabout 250 threads/inch (about 10 threads per mm).

The pump, connector, and related components were then immersed in a 37°C. water bath. Each outlet port of the connector was coupled to a distalcatheter that terminated in an oil-capped vessel of water set upon abalance. Catheter backpressure, atmospheric pressure, and the mass ofeach balance over time were monitored.

Two 72-hour tests were conducted: one in which outlet pressures wereequal; and a second having a differential pressure of 0.15 psi (about 1kPa) across outlets, e.g., across distal catheter tips (brought about bya 4.25 inch (about 11 cm) water head-height difference). The latter wasestimated to be a potential implant pressure differential.

Both tests yielded results indicating that flow from each leg of thebranching connector was consistently within about 2% of its nominal flowrate of 150 μL/day. During these tests, the 5 μm sintered titaniumfilter remained substantially free from occlusion from the salinesolution. Average catheter backpressure during both tests was about 3psig (about 20 kPa).

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“and,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

Thus, for example, reference to “a” or “the” component may include oneor more of the components and equivalents thereof known to those skilledin the art.

The complete disclosure of the patents, patent documents, andpublications cited in the Background, the Detailed Description ofExemplary Embodiments, and elsewhere herein are incorporated byreference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated.

Illustrative embodiments of this invention are discussed and referencehas been made to possible variations within the scope of this invention.These and other variations and modifications in the invention will beapparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope ofthe invention, and it should be understood that this invention is notlimited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein.

1. A medical catheter comprising: a lumen comprising an interior lumensurface; a flow restrictor located within the lumen, the flow restrictorcomprising a restrictor body located within the lumen; and a channellocated between an outer surface of the restrictor body and the interiorlumen surface of the lumen, wherein the channel extends from an upstreamend of the restrictor body to a downstream end of the restrictor body,such that fluid passing through the lumen flows through the channel whenthe fluid is delivered to the flow restrictor below a selected pressure,wherein the channel is defined by a groove formed in the interior lumensurface of the lumen, wherein the groove extends from the upstream endto the downstream end of the restrictor body.
 2. A medical catheteraccording to claim 1, wherein the restrictor body has an interferencefit within the lumen.
 3. A medical catheter according to claim 1,further comprising a pump mechanism and reservoir in fluid communicationwith the lumen.
 4. A medical catheter comprising: a lumen comprising aninterior lumen surface; a flow restrictor located within the lumen, theflow restrictor comprising a restrictor body located within the lumen;and a channel located between an outer surface of the restrictor bodyand the interior lumen surface of the lumen, wherein the channel extendsfrom an upstream end of the restrictor body to a downstream end of therestrictor body, such that fluid passing through the lumen flows throughthe channel when the fluid is delivered to the flow restrictor below aselected pressure, wherein the flow restrictor comprises a first notchin the first end of the outer surface of the restrictor body, the firstnotch in fluid communication with the channel at the upstream end of therestrictor body.
 5. A medical catheter according to claim 4, wherein theflow restrictor comprises a second notch in the second end of the outersurface of the restrictor body, the second notch in fluid communicationwith the channel at the downstream end of the restrictor body.
 6. Amedical catheter according to claim 4, wherein the restrictor body hasan interference fit within the lumen.
 7. A medical catheter according toclaim 4, further comprising a pump mechanism and reservoir in fluidcommunication with the lumen.
 8. A medical catheter comprising: a lumencomprising an interior lumen surface; a flow restrictor located withinthe lumen, the flow restrictor comprising a restrictor body locatedwithin the lumen; a channel located between an outer surface of therestrictor body and the interior lumen surface of the lumen, wherein thechannel extends from an upstream end of the restrictor body to adownstream end of the restrictor body, such that fluid passing throughthe lumen flows through the channel when the fluid is delivered to theflow restrictor below a selected pressure; and a fitting body attachedto the restrictor body proximate the second end of the restrictor body,wherein the fitting body comprises: a fitting lumen, at least a portionof which is located within the lumen, the fitting lumen comprising aproximal end proximate the restrictor body and a distal end distal fromthe restrictor body; and a transverse passageway in fluid communicationwith the proximal end of the axial passageway, wherein the transversepassageway comprises an opening proximate the second end of therestrictor body such that fluid exiting the groove at the second end ofthe restrictor body enters the transverse passageway through the openingand is passed through the axial lumen to the distal end of the fittingbody.
 9. A medical catheter according to claim 8, wherein the fittingbody and the restrictor body are a one-piece, completely integral unit.10. A medical catheter according to claim 8, wherein the fitting bodycomprises a suture groove formed in an exterior surface of the fittingbody.
 11. A medical catheter according to claim 8, wherein therestrictor body has an interference fit within the lumen.
 12. A medicalcatheter according to claim 8, further comprising a pump mechanism andreservoir in fluid communication with the lumen.
 13. A medical cathetercomprising: a lumen comprising an interior lumen surface; a flowrestrictor located within the lumen, the flow restrictor comprising arestrictor body located within the lumen; and a channel located betweenan outer surface of the restrictor body and the interior lumen surfaceof the lumen, wherein the channel extends from an upstream end of therestrictor body to a downstream end of the restrictor body, such thatfluid passing through the lumen flows through the channel when the fluidis delivered to the flow restrictor below a selected pressure; whereinthe flow restrictor comprises a pressure relief valve such that when thefluid is delivered to the flow restrictor above the selected pressure,fluid flows between the outer surface of the flow restrictor and theinterior lumen surface of the lumen outside of the channel.
 14. Amedical catheter according to claim 13, wherein the restrictor body hasan interference fit within the lumen.
 15. A medical catheter accordingto claim 13, further comprising a pump mechanism and reservoir in fluidcommunication with the lumen.
 16. A medical catheter according to claim13, wherein, when fluid is delivered to the flow restrictor above theselected pressure, fluid flow past the flow restrictor increases ascompared to fluid flow past the flow restrictor when the fluid isdelivered to the flow restrictor below the selected pressure.
 17. Abranching catheter connector for use in a branched medical catheter, theconnector comprising: an inlet port; and two or more outlet ports influid communication with the inlet port; wherein each of the outletports comprises: an outlet port lumen comprising an interior surface; aflow restrictor located within the outlet port lumen, the flowrestrictor comprising a restrictor body located within the outlet portlumen; a channel located between an outer surface of the restrictor bodyand the interior surface of the outlet port lumen, wherein the channelextends from an upstream end of the restrictor body to a downstream endof the restrictor body, such that fluid passing through the outlet portlumen flows through the channel when the fluid is delivered to the flowrestrictor below a selected pressure, wherein the channel is defined bya groove formed in the outer surface of the restrictor body, wherein thegroove extends from the upstream end to the downstream end of therestrictor body.
 18. A branching catheter connector according to claim17 that further comprises a connector body, wherein the inlet port andthe two or more outlet ports are located within the connector body, andwherein the connector body comprises one or more suture grooves formedin an exterior surface of the connector body.
 19. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 17, wherein the inlet port comprises afilter element located therein, wherein fluid passing from the inletport to any of the two or more outlet ports passes through the filterelement.
 20. A branching catheter connector according to claim 17,wherein the restrictor body has an interference fit within the outletport lumen.
 21. A branching catheter connector according to claim 17,further comprising a pump mechanism and reservoir in fluid communicationwith the inlet port.
 22. A branching catheter connector for use in abranched medical catheter, the connector comprising: an inlet port; andtwo or more outlet ports in fluid communication with the inlet port;wherein each of the outlet ports comprises: an outlet port lumencomprising an interior surface; a flow restrictor located within theoutlet port lumen, the flow restrictor comprising a restrictor bodylocated within the outlet port lumen; a channel located between an outersurface of the restrictor body and the interior surface of the outletport lumen, wherein the channel extends from an upstream end of therestrictor body to a downstream end of the restrictor body, such thatfluid passing through the outlet port lumen flows through the channelwhen the fluid is delivered to the flow restrictor below a selectedpressure, wherein the channel is defined by a groove formed in theinterior surface of the outlet port lumen, wherein the groove extendsfrom the upstream end to the downstream end of the restrictor body. 23.A branching catheter connector according to claim 22, wherein therestrictor body has an interference fit within the outlet port lumen.24. A branching catheter connector according to claim 22, furthercomprising a pump mechanism and reservoir in fluid communication withthe inlet port.
 25. A branching catheter connector for use in a branchedmedical catheter, the connector comprising: an inlet port; and two ormore outlet ports in fluid communication with the inlet port; whereineach of the outlet ports comprises: an outlet port lumen comprising aninterior surface; a flow restrictor located within the outlet portlumen, the flow restrictor comprising a restrictor body located withinthe outlet port lumen; a channel located between an outer surface of therestrictor body and the interior surface of the outlet port lumen,wherein the channel extends from an upstream end of the restrictor bodyto a downstream end of the restrictor body, such that fluid passingthrough the outlet port lumen flows through the channel when the fluidis delivered to the flow restrictor below a selected pressure, whereinthe channel comprises a helical channel.
 26. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 25, wherein the restrictor body has aninterference fit within the outlet port lumen.
 27. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 25, further comprising a pump mechanism andreservoir in fluid communication with the inlet port.
 28. A branchingcatheter connector for use in a branched medical catheter, the connectorcomprising: an inlet port; and two or more outlet ports in fluidcommunication with the inlet port; wherein each of the outlet portscomprises: an outlet port lumen comprising an interior surface; a flowrestrictor located within the outlet port lumen, the flow restrictorcomprising a restrictor body located within the outlet port lumen; achannel located between an outer surface of the restrictor body and theinterior surface of the outlet port lumen, wherein the channel extendsfrom an upstream end of the restrictor body to a downstream end of therestrictor body, such that fluid passing through the outlet port lumenflows through the channel when the fluid is delivered to the flowrestrictor below a selected pressure, wherein the flow restrictorcomprises a first notch in the upstream end of the outer surface of therestrictor body, the first notch in fluid communication with the grooveat the upstream end of the restrictor body.
 29. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 28, wherein the flow restrictor comprises asecond notch in the downstream end of the outer surface of therestrictor body, the second notch in fluid communication with the grooveat the downstream end of the restrictor body.
 30. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 28, wherein the restrictor body has aninterference fit within the outlet port lumen.
 31. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 28, further comprising a pump mechanism andreservoir in fluid communication with the inlet port.
 32. A branchingcatheter connector for use in a branched medical catheter, the connectorcomprising: an inlet port; and two or more outlet ports in fluidcommunication with the inlet port; wherein each of the outlet portscomprises: an outlet port lumen comprising an interior surface; a flowrestrictor located within the outlet port lumen, the flow restrictorcomprising a restrictor body located within the outlet port lumen; achannel located between an outer surface of the restrictor body and theinterior surface of the outlet port lumen, wherein the channel extendsfrom an upstream end of the restrictor body to a downstream end of therestrictor body, such that fluid passing through the outlet port lumenflows through the channel when the fluid is delivered to the flowrestrictor below a selected pressure; and a fitting body attached to therestrictor body proximate the downstream end of the restrictor body,wherein the fitting body comprises: a fitting lumen, at least a portionof which is located within the outlet port lumen, the fitting lumencomprising a proximal end proximate the restrictor body and a distal endextending out of the outlet port; a transverse passageway in fluidcommunication with the proximal end of the fitting lumen, wherein thetransverse passageway comprises an opening proximate the downstream endof the restrictor body such that fluid exiting the groove at thedownstream end of the restrictor body enters the transverse passagewaythrough the opening and is passed through the fitting lumen to thedistal end of the fitting body.
 33. A branching catheter connectoraccording to claim 32, wherein the fitting body and the restrictor bodyare a one-piece, completely integral unit.
 34. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 32, wherein the restrictor body has aninterference fit within the outlet port lumen.
 35. A branching catheterconnector according to claim 32, further comprising a pump mechanism andreservoir in fluid communication with the inlet port.
 36. A branchingcatheter connector for use in a branched medical catheter, the connectorcomprising: an inlet port; and two or more outlet ports in fluidcommunication with the inlet port; wherein each of the outlet portscomprises: an outlet port lumen comprising an interior surface; a flowrestrictor located within the outlet port lumen, the flow restrictorcomprising a restrictor body located within the outlet port lumen; achannel located between an outer surface of the restrictor body and theinterior surface of the outlet port lumen, wherein the channel extendsfrom an upstream end of the restrictor body to a downstream end of therestrictor body, such that fluid passing through the outlet port lumenflows through the channel when the fluid is delivered to the flowrestrictor below a selected pressure; wherein the flow restrictor withinat least one of the outlet ports comprises a pressure relief valve suchthat when the fluid is delivered to the flow restrictor above theselected pressure, fluid flows between the outer surface of the flowrestrictor and the interior surface of the outlet port lumen outside ofthe channel.
 37. A branching catheter connector according to claim 36,wherein the restrictor body has an interference fit within the outletport lumen.
 38. A branching catheter connector according to claim 36,further comprising a pump mechanism and reservoir in fluid communicationwith the inlet port.
 39. A medical catheter system comprising: a lumen;a flow restrictor located within the lumen, the flow restrictorcomprising one or more capillaries within the lumen, wherein eachcapillary of the one or more capillaries comprises a first opening at anupstream end of the flow restrictor and a second opening at a downstreamend of the flow restrictor, wherein each capillary of the one or morecapillaries comprises one or more coils within the lumen, and whereinfluid passing through the lumen from the upstream end to the downstreamend of the flow restrictor flows through the one or more capillarieswhen the fluid is delivered to the upstream end of the flow restrictorbelow a selected pressure, wherein each capillary of the one or morecapillaries comprises a substantially uniform diameter along a length ofthe capillary from the first opening to the second opening.
 40. Amedical catheter system comprising: a lumen; and a flow restrictorlocated within the lumen, the flow restrictor comprising one or morecapillaries within the lumen, wherein each capillary of the one or morecapillaries comprises a first opening at an upstream end of the flowrestrictor and a second opening at a downstream end of the flowrestrictor, wherein each capillary of the one or more capillariescomprises one or more coils within the lumen, and wherein fluid passingthrough the lumen from the upstream end to the downstream end of theflow restrictor flows through the one or more capillaries when the fluidis delivered to the upstream end of the flow restrictor below a selectedpressure, wherein the flow restrictor comprises a plug in which the oneor more capillaries are contained, wherein the plug occludes the lumensuch that fluid passing through the lumen from the upstream end of theflow restrictor to the downstream end of the flow restrictor passesthrough the one or more capillaries.
 41. A method of providing pressurerelief within a medical catheter system, the method comprising:providing a medical catheter system that comprises: a lumen comprisingan interior lumen surface; a flow restrictor located within the lumen,the flow restrictor comprising a restrictor body located within thelumen; a channel located between an outer surface of the restrictor bodyand the interior lumen surface of the lumen, wherein the channel extendsfrom an upstream end of the restrictor body to a downstream end of therestrictor body; passing fluid through only the channel from theupstream end of the restrictor body to the downstream end of therestrictor body when fluid pressure within the lumen is below a selectedpressure; and passing fluid between the outer surface of the restrictorbody and the interior lumen surface of the lumen outside of the channelwhen fluid pressure is above the selected pressure.
 42. A methodaccording to claim 41, wherein passing fluid between the outer surfaceof the restrictor body and the interior lumen surface of the lumen abovethe selected pressure comprises enlarging the lumen around therestrictor body.
 43. A method according to claim 41, wherein the fluidresumes flow through only the channel when the fluid pressure fallsbelow the selected pressure after exceeding the selected pressure.
 44. Amethod according to claim 41, wherein the channel is defined by a grooveformed in the outer surface of the restrictor body, wherein the grooveextends from the upstream end to the downstream end of the restrictorbody.
 45. A method according to claim 41, wherein the channel is definedby a groove formed in the interior lumen surface of the lumen, whereinthe groove extends from the upstream end to the downstream end of therestrictor body.
 46. A method according to claim 41, wherein the channelcomprises a helical channel.
 47. A method according to claim 41, whereinthe flow restrictor comprises a first notch in the first end of theouter surface of the restrictor body, the first notch in fluidcommunication with the channel at the upstream end of the restrictorbody.
 48. A method according to claim 47, wherein the flow restrictorcomprises a second notch in the second end of the outer surface of therestrictor body, the second notch in fluid communication with thechannel at the downstream end of the restrictor body.
 49. A methodaccording to claim 41, wherein the restrictor body has an interferencefit within the lumen.
 50. A method according to claim 41, wherein thelumen is located within a branching catheter connector that comprises aninlet port and two or more outlet ports in fluid communication with theinlet port.
 51. A method according to claim 41, wherein passing fluidbetween the outer surface of the restrictor body and the interior lumensurface of the lumen outside of the channel when fluid pressure is abovethe selected pressure results in increased fluid flow past the flowrestrictor increases as compared to fluid flow past the flow restrictorwhen the fluid is delivered to the flow restrictor below the selectedpressure.